Orginal z 1995 roku na
http://listserv.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9502D&L=POLAND-L&T=0&F=&S=&P=149141Mama mowi, po co tyle piszesz na tej naszej klasie albo na blogach, a przeciez ja juz nie od czasu kiedy (w koncu) innni zaczeli pisac, ale od wielu lat pisze i pisze ...
Ten post wymaga znajomosci Angielskiego. Original pisalismy na komputerach na czarnym ekranie z zielonymi lierami, bez zadnych zdjec ... Unix to chyba byl a to byla listserver z Universytetu w Buffalo.
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Wracam wlasnie z English 102. Dzisiejszy temat byl LOGICAL FALLACIES. Przypominam sobie konsternacje jaka wywolala analogia kosciola z Natzi zaprezentowana na liscie przez pana Przemyslawa Waliszawskiego. Wielu wiedzialo iz cos jest nie tak ale nikt nie zwrocil uwagi na "fallacies" tej analogi(wielu zas popelnilo nastepne Fallasie atakujac pana Przemyslawa Waliszewskiego a nie jego zle sformulowana analogie. Jesli wiec panstwo pozwola krotkie stresczenie mojego dzisiejszego wykladu.(Universitet of Kentucky--according to Writing Arguments by John D.Ramage and John c. Bean p.430-443)
Generally we have three fallacies; pathos, ethos and logos.
1) Fallacies of Pathos- Argument to the people--Appeals to the fundamental beliefs, biases and prejudices of the audience - Extremely powerful. Example -'My fellow Americans, I stand here, draped in this flag from head to foot, to indicate my fundamental dedication to the values and principles of these sovereign United states.’
- Appeal to ignorance (presenting evidence that Audience can't examine) If, for example, a critic were to praise the novel 'Clarisse' for its dullness on the grounds that this dullness was the intentional effect to the author, we would be unable to respond because we have no idea what was in the author's mind when he created work.
- Appealing to irrational premises(appealing to reasons that may have no basic in logic
- common practice (it's all right to do x because everyone else does it)
- traditional wisdom (it's all right because we've always done it this way)
- to popularity -- the bandwagon appeal(it's all right because lots of people like it--commercials in TV)
- Provincialism ex. You can't sell small cars in America. In American culture, automobiles symbolize prestige and personal freedom. Those cramped little Japanese tin boxes will never win the hearts of American consumers.
2) Fallacies of Ethos- Appeal to false authority Widzimy czesto w reklamach gdy gwiazda hollywood reklamuje smochod(co on czy ona ma za pojecie o prawdziwych zaletach czy wadach samochodu)
- Appeal to the person--innymi slowy atakowanire autora zamiast jego ideii—patrz ataki na Przemyslawa waliszewskiego a nie tresc jego prac)
3) Fallacies of logos- Beginning the question (supporting a claim with a reason that is really a restatement of the claim in different words) Abortion is a murder because it involves the intentional killing of an unborn human being"--in other words 'Abortion is murder because it's a murder (it's like endless circle from claim to warrant and back again)
- Complex question (confronting the opponent with a question that will put her in a bad light no matter how she responds). Example-When did you stop abusing alcohol)
- Fallse dilemma/either or(oversimplifying a complex issue so that only two choices appear possible--example -either we legalize marijuana or we watch a steady increase in the number of our citizens who break the low). nastepny przyklad jest moim "Albo wierzysz w katolicyzm albo nigy nie dostapisz zbawienia".
- Confusing correlation for cause. Example I am allergic to the sound of the lawn mover because every time I move the lawn I start to sneeze.
- Slippery slope. The slipper slope fallacy is based on the fear that once we take a first step un a direction we don't like we will have to keep going. Przyklad kosciola--jesli pozwolimy na sex edukacje w szkole to bedziemy musieli pozwolic na wydawanie darmowych prezerwatyw, pozniej pewnie pogodzic sie z aborcja a pozniej to juz cale podwaliny wiary zatrzasna sie niepewnie. Example from the book "sorry ,Mr. Jones, if we rush your order, then we will have to rush everyone else's order also."
- Hasty generalization (making a broad generalization on the basic of too little evidence) 'I have observed the way the two renters in our neighborhoods take care of their rental houses and have compared to the way homeowners take care of their houses. I have concluded that people who own homes take better care of them than those who rent."
I to by bylo na tyle. Spotykamy sie z tymi'logicznymi bledami' w zyciu codziennym bardzo czesto takze dobrze byloby gdybysmy umieli je odruznic od prawdziwych i rzeczowych argumetow.
Jedna uwaga--nie dziwie sie iz temat religi i kosciola wywolal takie poruszenie na liscie. Problem z wiara jest taki iz kazde twierdzenie przeciwko osciolowi czy wierze nie bedzie zaakceptowane przez wierzacych gdyz oni iwerza 'iz wszystko co "Inspired by God" jest nienaruszalne i niewatpliwie prawdziwe. Innymi slowy --- logical fallacies
The bible is true becaue it is the inspired word by God, dla wierzacego nie ma sensu. Albo "since the universe couldn't have been created out if nothing, it must have been created by a divine being. (kto wie napewno iz to bylo "nothing")
Wydaje sie jednak iz temat religi na liscie powoli wygasa, wiec pozwolilem sobie przytoczuc dzisiejszy wyklad jako pomoc w rozszyfrowywaniy przyszlych argumentow jakie na liscie sie pojawia.Sorry za bledy--to z wyniku pospiechu.
Z Universytetu w Lexingon z pozdrowienami dla Listowiczow
Przemyslaw "Shamick" Gaworski.
Drugi - widzi kazda inna religie jako "nie realistyczna" ale nie swoja
